Hybrid ecosystems and digitalization of SMEs: Complementarity or disruption?

Abstract

This article explores the dynamics of traditional entrepreneurial ecosystems (EET) and digital entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEN) in the context of digital transformation, focusing on their impact on small and medium enterprises (SMEs). While EETs, rooted in robust local networks, face challenges such as digitalization and sustainability, EENs offer greater flexibility and global opportunities through the integration of digital technologies. The study highlights the complementarities and tensions between these ecosystems using a mixed-methods approach combining semi-structured interviews and surveys conducted with 250 Moroccan SMEs. Findings reveal that SMEs embedded in hybrid ecosystems, merging EET and EEN characteristics, exhibit higher digital maturity and enhanced innovation capacity. Finally, the study provides actionable recommendations to foster public policies and strengthened collaborations to maximize EET-EEN synergies and accelerate SME digital transformation.