Digital sovereignty: A legal-technical analysis, the case of Morocco

Abstract

This legal and technical study analyzes Morocco’s national web infrastructure through the lens of digital sovereignty and extraterritorial legal exposure. By conducting an in-depth review of 414 institutional Moroccan websites, we highlight the legal implications of technical infrastructure choices. The findings reveal significant vulnerabilities: 64% of the websites analyzed do not use SSL protocols, 81% lack a privacy policy, and 40% are hosted outside the national territory. These observations raise critical concerns regarding personal data protection and Morocco’s digital sovereignty. Beyond understanding how such a situation emerged, it is essential to examine its etiology and to outline the resulting consequences.