The Entrepreneurial University at the Heart of Territorial Development: Theoretical Foundations, Ethical Issues, and Systemic Perspectives

Abstract

This paper examines the transition of traditional universities toward the Entrepreneurial University (EU) model, a structural shift driven by dwindling public resources and the rise of the knowledge society. Moving beyond the traditional pillars of teaching and research, the EU incorporates a "Third Mission" focused on regional socio-economic development through innovation and knowledge transfer. Conceived as a theoretical essay, this paper provides an integrated conceptual framework connecting internal organizational transformation to sustainable territorial impact. Drawing on Burton Clark’s research, the study emphasizes that this transformation is rooted in an organizational culture that promotes strategic autonomy and financial diversification. The Triple Helix framework (University-Industry-Government) illustrates the university's role as a territorial architect. However, the shift toward a Quintuple Helix model is now essential to address broader sustainability and civil society challenges. The success of this model relies on intangible factors such as relational capital and agile mechanisms like academic spin-offs. Nevertheless, significant challenges persist, including ethical dilemmas arising from the tension between market imperatives and academic traditions, and the risk of "brain drain" in weak regional innovation systems. Reflexive governance and close coordination with public policy are crucial to ensuring a balanced and sustainable territorial impact.